Deep, strategic and surface learning

the #ocTEL course this week has been thinking about approaches to learning, and the differences between deep, strategic and surface learning , which have been defined as:

Defining features of approaches to learning
Deep Approach Intention — to understand ideas for yourself Relating ideas to previous knowledge and experience Looking for patterns and underlying principles Checking evidence and relating it to conclusions Examining logic and argument cautiously and critically Becoming actively interested in the course content	Transforming by
Surface Approach Intention — to cope with course requirements Studying without reflecting on either purpose or strategy Treating the course as unrelated bits of knowledge Memorising facts and procedures routinely Finding difficulty in making sense of new ideas presented Feeling undue pressure and worry about work	Reproducing by
Strategic Approach Intention — to achieve the highest possible grades Putting consistent effort into studying Finding the right conditions and materials for studying Managing time and effort effectively Being alert to assessment requirements and criteria Gearing work to the perceived preferences of lecturers	Organising By

Source: Marton, F., Hounsell, D. and Entwistle, N., (eds.) The Experience of Learning: Implications for teaching and studying in higher education. 3rd (Internet) edition. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/institute-academic-development/learning-teaching/staff/advice/researching/publications/experience-of-learning

There has been much discussion as to whether these are a continuum, and which forms are better than others (better for what one might well ask).  I want to start at the other end, and ask why someone might choose to learn something, and in that case what is the appropriate approach, as it at least helped to clarify my thinking; so in no particular order:

• To solve an immediate problem - where the learner is trying to achieve something, anything, and they have a particular problem that they need to solve they may take a purely surface approach and say I want to solve this problem, what do I need to do? I can go back and look at this in more detail later if I want to.  Others may take a deeper approach and look at the issue in a more generic way and use it as an opportunity not just to address the immediate problem but to learn something that will be generally applicable in other situations.  I know people who do each of these, and people who will do both depending on their interest in the problem and the urgency of producing a solution.  I cannot see how a strategic approach might be relevant here, but would love some examples.
• To pass an exam - The focus here is similar to that of solving an immediate problem, in that it is getting a short term problem fixed.  However, the immediacy is not as great (and the stakes may be high).  People do use all three approaches depending on all sorts of things.  For instance, are they interested in the subject, or is this and exam that they "just" need to pass and can then forget all about; if that is the case they may well take a surface or strategic approach.  Is this a subject where the learner knows that they will continue to use what they have learnt after the exam? In that case strategic or deep learning might be appropriate.  Is this a subject in which they have a real interest?  In that case deep learning might be appropriate for some of it, whilst strategic or surface learning may be appropriate for other parts.  I studied Zoology as my undergraduate degree topic, and took a deep approach to much of the course, but there were some parts that frankly bored me (anatomy and taxonomy in particular), so I studied the principles but took a very surface approach to the actual details (my taxonomy is little better than dem dry bones, and I used to invent beetles when I needed examples in taxonomy).
• To learn something out of curiosity / for fun - One might think that here people would always chose deep learning, but that would not be true. People may learn songs without worrying too much (or even at all) about either the deeper meanings of the lyrics or anything beyond the tune of the song, or learn a recipe without thinking about the culinary principles that might be involved (although maybe Heston Blumenthal has changed that for some people?).  Other people will take a deep approach and actively engage with the topic and consider the principles etc.  I am not sure how relevant strategic learning can be here, as there is no external driver to  be strategic about.
• personal or professional development - I guess here I am not thinking of courses on which one is sent (which  would be similar to pass an exam) so much as things one may chose to do in order to enhance ones career, but are self-motivated and (probably) not examined.  I would suggest that this is somewhere between passing an exam and learning for fun, and that therefore the approaches might be similar.

What other motivations are there for learning? what might be the approaches used? and what research has there been into this way of looking at the issue?

Reflections on #ocTEL week on Concepts and strategies for Learning Technology and their relationship to CMALT

There has been much interesting discussion again this week, and a lot of issues raised and thoughtful, reflective comments posted by so many people that it has been a joy to participate, and occasionally to respond.  The focus of most of the comments and postings that I have read has been strongly focused on the pedagogy.  I think that the opening question about how one’s own practice relates to the quadrant (http://octel.alt.ac.uk/2014/course-materials/week-1-concepts-and-strategies-for-learning-technology/):

set a good tone, and some people even posted some of their practice and published quadrants, one that I looked at by Maha Bali (‏@Bali_Maha) lists some of her practice

There are two areas of CMALT that the work that people have done relate to:

• 1a) An understanding of the constraints and benefits of different technologies
• 2a) An understanding of teaching, learning and/or assessment processes

Clearly there is some overlap between these sections anyhow, but also, the way in which people have approached this week’s work has had different emphases, some people taking a more technological starting point and others a more pedagogic one.  Note, that neither of these are better, they reflect different ways of thinking, different interests and different starting points.

There has been discussion of strategies for learning and teaching (or was that teaching and learning) and that has covered both institutional and personal strategies, and the relationship between them, and sometimes the dissonance that can be created when personal belief systems and institutional structures are at odds.

There has also been discussion of learning theories and how practice relates to (preferred) learning theories.

All this has been excellent, and the spirit in which it has been undertaken has been that of mutual support and cooperation, which supports the principles as well.  In case you have forgotten the principles are:

1. A commitment to exploring and understanding the interplay between technology and learning.
2. A commitment to keep up to date with new technologies.
3. An empathy with and willingness to learn from colleagues from different backgrounds and specialisms.
4. A commitment to communicate and disseminate effective practice. 

I would say that all those participating in the MOOC (at least all that I have seen) are amply demonstrating all four of the principles, and I think that is what has made membership of the MOOC such a pleasure.

What has been shown is people’s deep engagement and enthusiasm for thinking about teaching and learning and the processes involved.  All of this would come across very well in CMALT applications as it shows: 

• Knowledge (experiential knowledge from people’s practice, engagement with the theory and how it supports their practice).
• A willingness to learn and to share experience, good practice and ideas.
• A keen ability to reflect on practice, and to think about how that reflection will impact on future practice.

All this is exactly what we are looking for when we are assessing CMALT applications.

The one thing that has sometimes been missing (because this is not CMALT applications, but a public discussion) is the supporting evidence.  I would not expect to find it here.  Often this material is sensitive, and ocTEL is not about proving what you have done, but learning from what you, and your colleagues, have done and are doing.

Using the ocTEL MOOC to support learning

I have been following some of the discussions that have been happening this week, and really enjoying the quality of much of it and the level of engagement that so many of you are showing (and I hope that I am demonstrating too).  One of the things that I have been thinking about is how this relates to undertaking a CMALT (Certified Membership of the Association for Learning Technology) application, and I think that it demonstrates the types of thing that we are looking for in your application. 

When assessing applications we are looking for three things relating to each of the headings.  These are description of what you have done, evidence that you did it and reflection on what you learnt from doing it.  I want to focus on reflection here for two reasons.  Firstly, applicants often have the greatest difficulty with reflection (that is we often have to ask applicants to do more reflection before we can accept the applications) and secondly the topic this week has been so general that it is harder to relate to most of the specific sections of the application.

I have seen considerable levels of reflection in some of the postings where people have commented not just on what they have done (description), but also why it worked (or didn’t) what might have made it work better and what they learnt from doing it.  This is exactly what we are looking for in applications, and is really helpful for other participants in ocTEL.  While CP Scott may have said “"comment is free, but facts are sacred” it is often the comment that is more useful for other people. This, for instance, is why case studies are such a popular way of understanding the possibilities of learning technology (or anything else for that matter).  While it may be true that facts are sacred and comment is free (though most facts are contested anyway, and much comment wouldn’t be worth paying for) it is when they are combined in a thoughtful way that the greatest understanding is developed both by the writer, and the reader.  When you are writing posts, or reading posts (whether blogs or in the forum or anywhere else) think about what is description, what is the evidence supporting it and what reflection there is.  Try to include some reflection in all your postings, it will really help to further your own understanding, and yes, I know I have not included reflection in all my postings, so I will try harder for the rest of ocTEL to include some reflection in my postings.

One of the other areas that we are looking for in CMALT applications is communications both as something to write about specifically in section 3 and because it relates to two of the principles behind CMALT:

·       An empathy with and willingness to learn from colleagues from different backgrounds and specialisms.

·       A commitment to communicate and disseminate effective practice.

Even vicarious learning supports the first of these two, whilst so many of you have been willing to comment on postings by others shows a commitment to communicate and disseminate effective practice.  Indeed, particiaption in the MOOC could be used as evidence in the communications section.

The other two principles are:

·       A commitment to exploring and understanding the interplay between technology and learning.

·       A commitment to keep up to date with new technologies

And here again there has been the start of discussions in these areas, which I am sure you will be pursuing as the ocTEL continues through the other weeks on topics relating to learning and technology.

What is very clear to me is that many of you already have the knowledge and experience to gain CMALT recognition, and that you can use ocTEL both to increase your understanding of learning technology and learning  and to reflect on what you already know and do.  That makes an ideal preparation for completing your CMALT application, so I hope to see a flood of applications at the end of June or start of July.

Good luck and enjoy ocTEL.

What's in a name? Why call it Technology Enhanced Learning?

What is now commonly called technology enhanced learning has gone by many names in the past including e-learning, online learning, blended learning and I am sure that there must be others that I no longer remember.

Names are important, at least names for things, because they tell us something about that thing.  So lets look at these names and see what they say to me, and maybe why they were chosen and why they were subsequently dropped.  No doubt technology enhanced learning (TEL) will eventually be replaced by something else for a perfectly good reason too.

The first name I remember was e-learning, and that was never a name I liked.  The focus is on it being different from "real" learning.  e was all the vogue at the time.  e (always lower case for some reason or other) was for everything.  e was for new and e was about replacing the current with new business models and destroying the old.  At the time a wrote a short piece (e-learning, b*****-learning and f*****-learning or what is wrong with e-learning) which poked fun at the idea by comparing e-learning with b-learning and f-learning which were the real thing.  they were book-learning and face-to-face learning.  Neither perhaps particularly well named, but it made for the nice b**** and f****.   

Online learning was no better that e-learning, and in some ways I think even worse, as what happened to offline, but at computer, learning? In those days there were lots of CD-ROMs (as we called them) and DVDs as an easy way to distribute content.  Now, there are plenty of e-books, podcasts downloaded for offline listening etc etc.  So, again it suggests that it is something different from "real" learning, and that it something that has to be done online.

Blended learning was all the rage for a while, but really (almost) all learning these days is blended.  The proportion and ways in which technology and non-technology learning and teaching are very variable from mostly work in classrooms with little use of computers to mostly online distance courses with very little of the teaching not being mediated by technology.  At that point blended learning comes to mean very little.  Blended between what and what? and for what purpose.  To me it always sounded a bit mushy (put it all the blender and out comes baby food or soup).

Technology enhanced learning is a big improvement.  We have learning, as before but we are about enhancing it through the use of technology.  I have seen some people complain about the word technology coming first, but learning enhanced by technology is really not going to work (for a start it is in the passive voice).  So, it says what we are trying to do. Although, I do accept that some people might want something more like technology transformed learning, which may perhaps be what the next name relates to.  On the other hand, the focus might move towards teaching (but I doubt it) and it might be technology enhanced teaching.

ocTEL big questions

I have added to the table of big questions from twitter.  Apologies to those I have misclassified and those questions I have midded

Author	Question/ topic
Evaluation
Nigel Jones	how to evaluate the technology enhanced learning items/objects/methods before, during, and after implementation.
Engagement
Wendy Wood	How can I help people engage, enjoy and learn effectively using TEL?
Sarla Gandhi	how can it [my module] be developed into a more effective teaching and learning medium to enhance engagement?
David Read	how technology, especially mobile devices, can motivate and encourage students to learn English outside of the classroom.
Maria Hacker	the technologies available and how they can best be used for student engagement.
Andrew MacLeod	ways to engage these reluctant professionals without alienating them.
Pete Richardson	What is the best way to help classroom teachers adopt digital materials and methods to improve their practice and the student experience?
lisa anderson @lisaa233 10h	#octel @thinksitthrough great webinar. Big Q, how do we get student engagement and hi standards of learning at a viable cost through MOOCs?
James Kerr @Kerr63 10h	Should reluctant staff be pushed to TEL if they don't fully embrace it? #ocTEL
Kayla Barlow @McrKayla	How can TEL support personalised learning in a way that works for both teachers and students?
Vanessa Camilleri @veecam	how can I, as an academic, help my students (who are teacher trainees) see TEL as a way of living and learning, rather than an imposition?
David Read @dreadnought001	will teachers who will not or cannot get on board with educational technology find themselves increasingly marginalized in their work?
Vanessa Camilleri @veecam	how can I, as an academic, help my students see TEL as a way of living and learning, rather than an imposition?
Staff development
Roger Gardner @rgardner	How best to develop staff digital literacies,especially awareness,practices & attributes,as opposed to access & skills?
Jim Pettiward @jimpettiward	How to address the gaping chasm in digital literacies of many teaching staff in HE?
S Huskinson @FieryRed1	:How can I convince academic colleagues to look at the teaching theory behind using a technology before using it?
Technology selection and effectiveness
Lynne Francis	what technologies are actually available, how do I use them, how are they beneficial for me to use as a teacher, and what are the learning gains for those I teach.
Barbara Wilford	how do we encourage academics to use appropriate technologies to support student learning and to enhance digital literacy?
Tracey Yeadon-Lee	I use a general VLE for my courses and in lectures I will often YouTube and radio podcasts. I think my big question is what else can I use and how
Mary Watkins	I'd like to know more about TEl outside of the VLE so academics and students aren't constrained by the features of the VLE.
Bill Miller	[What is] the scope of the field
Orla Daly	I can ensure that what I offer in terms of TEL initiatives/projects/suggestions is meeting the requirements and expectations of staff and students for an enhanced teaching and learning experience.
Maria Hacker	the technologies available and how they can best be used for student engagement.
Kari Rasmussen	How do we clearly identify who our student is, what responsibilities are they balancing and how to we best select and implement technology in a way that supports their learning and success in an educational career?
jamila osman	with the various technology that is being developed to enhance learning, how does the teacher determine whether teaching has taken place or not?
Quick wins
Sue Watson	I am really interested in quick fixes for teachers in formative assessment and would like to discuss how BTEC higher order grades can be assessed easily online. I think we need to get the assessment part integrated, which will lead to greater adoption by staff
Examples of good practice
Stephanie Bennett	I am really keen to learn and discuss more about best practice for implementing TEL both for campus and distance students – and also discover new and effective ways to encourage student learning through participation and interaction.
Elizabeth Charles	how TEL can be best used in teaching information literacy both face-to-face and via the VLE to support the self-directed independent learning of Birkbeck's mature students.
Hazel McAllister @TeflteacherUK	What are the best ways to use technology to help students learn a foreign language?
Evidence base
Donald MacLean	What do other practitioners find most effective in this field, why, and is there any research to back it up? I often find that research backed activity, and evidence, can be difficult to find.
"Simpson, Kate"	Is the student getting a different quality of experience by not being in the same room as the teacher; and, does TEL justify its worth in terms of money and time?
Tom Franklin	To what extent is evidence informing practice in technology enhanced learning?
Ethics
beth.ritter-guth@UCC.EDU	How do we promote ethical and robust content in online courses?
Understanding MOOCs (and wider TEL)
Lesly Huxley	I am hoping to learn a) what it's like to participate in a MOOC b) what innovations as well as the basics of TEL are 'out there' and peoples' experience of them and c) how others respond to the MOOC.
Tim Bones	to glean a wider understanding of OOCs and their workings how, both as an educator and participant/learner, might I benefit from engaging in MOOCs?
Tom Franklin	To what extent will Moocs transform learning and educational institutions?
Tim Herrick @minkymonkeymoo	question about MOOCs and TEL - who is it for?
Tim Bones @mrtimbones	Hope to discover pros/cons of being a participant/educator in comparison to other learning environs.
Effeciency and effectiveness
David Read	how technology can free up teachers’ time to focus on the more important things in the classroom.
James Clay http://elearningstuff.net/	How do we create a culture in which TEL can be effectively used by all staff and learners to improve learning?
Accessibility
gemma holtam	How can technology be embedded in to everyday teaching and learning to support and enhance the needs of dyslexic students as well as all of the other student in the class?
Beth Tunstall @tunners78	How to make TEL more accessible in areas of economic (and so arguably ICT?) deprivation.
Pedagogic theory
Bopelo Boitshwarelo	Is there a specific online pedagogy?
Rawad Hammad	how learning can be done through ICT?
Helen Crump @crumphelen	#ocTEL my big question “would thinking of TEL/eLearning from a literacies perspective answer a lot of questions?”
Julia Clarke @LUBSStudentEd	how will TEL  change learner identies? If we are all students now doesn't that change what it means to be a student?
Making technology invisible / ubiquitous
Alejandro Armellini @alejandroa	how can we get rid of the 'T' in 'TEL'? The question could be re-phrased as: how can technology become transpa
Assessment / recognition / employability (ouch that is pushing the topic a long way)
GraphicDesignProject @GraphDesProject	in what ways do employers recognise skills and achievements? Is it just educators? Where does it go?
I can’t classify
ScottJohnson	How do we build thinking content that seeps into society such that people start to revalue an enhanced and thoughtful version of themselves over the comfort and effortless state of general dumbness and pointless ammusement?
"Nortcliffe, Anne"	With Tablets sales exceeeding desktop/laptop sales, Ahmed (2013), what are implications for academic and student learning practice?  How are others embracing Post PC technology to enhance student learning? How others are encouraging their students to user their personal devices to support their learning?  Particularly as in our student population as smart device ownership has increased  the useage of smart devices for learning appears to have narrowed, to an expensiving surfing tool (Woodcock et al 2012c).    How do we engage our learners to utilise their smart devices and apps more effectively to develop and deepen their learning
Simon Bates	How can we fill the void between the need to co-create TEL work with educators and the needs of large (and mainly necessary) central administration systems?’
Janet Holmes	How can I enable learners to learn as they want to? It could be How can I learn what I need to do that! Maybe it should be  How can I get the trainees to teach each other?
Sue Barnes @suebbarnes45	Is it the technology that enhances the learning or is it that in considering use of technology we are prompted to consider innovative approaches to learning and teaching that lead to enhancement?
Bob Harrison @bobharrisonset	Does it matter and if so why? [not sure what it refers to]
clairedonlan @clairedonlan	Anyone for cricket? [Sorry Claire, couldn’t resist]
Tom Buckley @bigbadbuckley	How do we get from what  an academic is willing to make to what a student will appreciate consuming approach to the design process?
Hazel McAllister @TeflteacherUK	What does it feel like to be a distant learner?How can I use my experience to make a better one for my sts?